Thanks to several readers for sending me this one, and this is certainly an important story. For one, I certainly hope the Obama administration will review it’s policies on GPS, and infuse the necessary funding to make this thing solid and secure. We should not be reading stories about GPS possibly breaking down by 2010 or whatever, and this bogles my mind on how this is even a concern. Bottom line, GPS is a vital and life saving technology, and should be treated as such. –Matt
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Global Positioning System: Significant Challenges in Sustaining and Upgrading Widely Used Capabilities
GAO-09-325 April 30, 2009
Summary
The Global Positioning System (GPS), which provides positioning, navigation, and timing data to users worldwide, has become essential to U.S. national security and a key tool in an expanding array of public service and commercial applications at home and abroad. The United States provides GPS data free of charge. The Air Force, which is responsible for GPS acquisition, is in the process of modernizing GPS. In light of the importance of GPS, the modernization effort, and international efforts to develop new systems, GAO was asked to undertake a broad review of GPS. Specifically, GAO assessed progress in (1) acquiring GPS satellites, (2) acquiring the ground control and user equipment necessary to leverage GPS satellite capabilities, and evaluated (3) coordination among federal agencies and other organizations to ensure GPS missions can be accomplished. To carry out this assessment, GAO’s efforts included reviewing and analyzing program documentation, conducting its own analysis of Air Force satellite data, and interviewing key military and civilian officials.
It is uncertain whether the Air Force will be able to acquire new satellites in time to maintain current GPS service without interruption. If not, some military operations and some civilian users could be adversely affected. (1) In recent years, the Air Force has struggled to successfully build GPS satellites within cost and schedule goals; it encountered significant technical problems that still threaten its delivery schedule; and it struggled with a different contractor. As a result, the current IIF satellite program has overrun its original cost estimate by about $870 million and the launch of its first satellite has been delayed to November 2009–almost 3 years late. (2) Further, while the Air Force is structuring the new GPS IIIA program to prevent mistakes made on the IIF program, the Air Force is aiming to deploy the next generation of GPS satellites 3 years faster than the IIF satellites. GAO’s analysis found that this schedule is optimistic, given the program’s late start, past trends in space acquisitions, and challenges facing the new contractor. Of particular concern is leadership for GPS acquisition, as GAO and other studies have found the lack of a single point of authority for space programs and frequent turnover in program managers have hampered requirements setting, funding stability, and resource allocation. (3) If the Air Force does not meet its schedule goals for development of GPS IIIA satellites, there will be an increased likelihood that in 2010, as old satellites begin to fail, the overall GPS constellation will fall below the number of satellites required to provide the level of GPS service that the U.S. government commits to. Such a gap in capability could have wide-ranging impacts on all GPS users, though there are measures the Air Force and others can take to plan for and minimize these impacts. In addition to risks facing the acquisition of new GPS satellites, the Air Force has not been fully successful in synchronizing the acquisition and development of the next generation of GPS satellites with the ground control and user equipment, thereby delaying the ability of military users to fully utilize new GPS satellite capabilities. Diffuse leadership has been a contributing factor, given that there is no single authority responsible for synchronizing all procurements and fielding related to GPS, and funding has been diverted from ground programs to pay for problems in the space segment. DOD and others involved in ensuring GPS can serve communities beyond the military have taken prudent steps to manage requirements and coordinate among the many organizations involved with GPS. However, GAO identified challenges to ensuring civilian requirements and ensuring GPS compatibility with other new, potentially competing global space-based positioning, navigation, and timing systems.
Link here (read the PDF full report there as well)
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Obama proposes terminating system that backs up GPS
By Bob Brewin 03/17/2009
In his fiscal 2010 budget, President Obama killed funding for a system that would back up the much relied on Global Positioning System if it failed, despite calls from the telecom industry and federal agencies that it is needed.
The Homeland Security Department budget zeroes out funding for the Long Range Navigation System, or Loran-C, a terrestrial navigation system the Coast Guard operates.
DHS endorsed Loran-C a year ago as a backup for the satellite-based GPS, but in its fiscal 2010 budget, the department zeroed out funding for the system. Loran-C is “an antiquated navigation system that is no longer required by the armed forces, the transportation sector or the nation’s security interests,” said DHS spokesman Larry Orluskie. “And it is used only by a small segment of the population.”
The decision to kill Loran-C is consistent with President Obama’s agenda to cease continued funding outdated systems, Orluskie added.
DHS also reported that terminating the system would save the government $36 million in fiscal 2010 and $190 million during a five-year period, according to its budget.
The department is “continuing to assess the need for a GPS backup system, including alternatives and funding requirements and expects to complete the assessment later this summer,” Orluskie said. “Our initial survey . . . indicates wide variances in backups, redundant systems or contingency plans. We will coordinate with other federal agencies to aggressively review and validate critical infrastructure and key resource sector requirements for GPS backup and redundant capabilities and contingency plans.”
The Coast Guard upgraded 19 of the 24 Loran-C stations with modern electronics to broadcast an enhanced signal, called eLoran, which DHS said last year could operate as a backup to GPS. In a February 2008 statement, the department said eLoran will “mitigate any safety, security or economic effects of a GPS outage or disruption. . . .The signal strength and penetration capability of eLoran will provide support to first responders and other operators in environments GPS cannot support, such as under heavy foliage, in some underground areas and in dense high-rise structures.”
Loran-C receivers determine position by calculating the time difference between signals received from a pair of radio transmitters and has a position accuracy of between 60 feet and 300 feet. eLoran broadcasts an additional data channel that can pinpoint someone’s position between 26 feet and 65 feet, based on an estimate from the International Loran Association. Civil GPS receivers can determine location within 16 feet.
Robert Lilley, secretary of ILA, said by killing the system, DHS has ignored recommendations in the 2008 Federal Radio Navigation Plan to use eLoran as a GPS backup. The plan was developed by DHS and the Defense and Transportation departments, and released in January. The plan stated a combined GPS/eLoran receiver could be used to support aerial navigation and nonprecision landings if GPS signals were down.
Lilley said GPS is more than part of the nation’s critical infrastructure like the networks that support the financial and electrical industries, but it is a critical superstructure that demands an eLoran backup.
Networks worldwide also use GPS to provide timing signals for communications, including cellular networks. The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, whose membership includes all U.S. telecom carriers, views eLoran as the only system that can provide the timing information.
Federal agencies have cited the Loran system as a required backup to GPS. The Federal Radio Navigation Plan said, “Many transportation safety of life applications depend on commercial communications systems” and because of that the Transportation Department “recognizes the importance of Loran as a backup to GPS for critical infrastructure applications requiring precise time and frequency.”
Transportation’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center said in a 2001 report that a backup system was needed because GPS signals are susceptible to unintentional disruption by ionospheric effects and tall buildings and interference from other radio signal sources.
The report also warned the GPS signal is subject to degradation and could be jammed, and attacks on ground control stations could affect signals. Defense relies heavily on GPS for navigation and to guide precision munitions.
The chances of an assault on the GPS system have increased, according to a 2007 report issued by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, which warned Congress that China is acquiring the means to attack GPS by various means, “including anti-satellite weapons, high-energy weapons . . . and ground attacks on Earth stations.”
Richard Langley, a professor in the department of geodesy and geomatics engineering at the University of New Brunswick and a GPS specialist, said DHS’ decision to zero out funds for Loran-C in the its 2010 budget is “completely misguided.” Langley said numerous studies have concluded that GPS is vulnerable to unintentional and intentional disruptions in small to large areas for durations lasting from minutes to days.
“The policy decision was taken to terminate Loran-C,” said Coast Guard Commandant Adm. Thad Allen. “Negotiations, discussions and outreach to stakeholders will continue [to find a] for a requirement for a backup for GPS. Should that backup become eLoran, that is something that will be addressed in the future.”
He added any decision to use eLoran to support GPS will require interagency discussions. “DHS will have the lead in that effort,” Allen said.
Story here.